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HPV and Cervical CancerBY: Ritu Choudhary | Category: Cervical Cancer | Submitted: 2010-07-18 18:41:36
There are about 200 HPV that can infect humans. Some of these viruses affect the skin, mucous membranes other oral, anal or genital organs. The consequences of these infections are most often benign - skin warts, ano-genital warts etc. But some sexually transmitted HPV cause cancer of the cervix. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. In addition, HPV can be detected in the skin and mucous membranes of most of the non-affected population where the virus remains at low level by a mechanism which is not pathological. Epidemiology The human papilloma virus or HPV infect the epithelial cells of the skin or mucous membranes, and are transmitted by the spread of these cells during desquamation. We distinguish between low-risk HPV, agents of benign, high-risk HPV that are responsible for cancer. HPVs affecting the genital mucosa are transmitted through sexual contact and are common in young people, in one third of women between adolescence and early twenties. The infections they cause, often disappear spontaneously without clinical evidence. But the infection will persist in 3-10% of infected women, and among them some will develop precancerous lesions called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, also called as cervical cancer. Several years may elapse between the onset of infection and the appearance of such a cancer. Globally, cancer of the cervix accounts for approximately 250 000-300 000 deaths and 500,000 new cases per year (80% in developing countries). In Europe, nearly 65,000 women are affected, and about 25,000 new cases are reported each year, with a mortality of 4.7%. Treatment The current treatment of precancerous lesions is usually surgery (cone biopsy). Cervical cancer is commonly treated by a combination of surgery and radiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy. The treatment is only effective in early stages. Therapeutic vaccines that would treat precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix caused by HPV 16 and / or HPV18 are in clinical trials. Prevention Currently prevention cervical cancer is through the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases like use of condoms, testing for the partner etc. and especially by the routine Pap smear in women. A prophylactic vaccine that protects against infection with HPV16 and 18, thus preventing two thirds of cancers of the cervix, is currently available. This vaccine has no therapeutic effect and does not protect women infected. In the opinion rendered March 9, 2007, it is recommended to vaccinate young girls aged 14 to protect them before they get infected. The vaccine is also available for young women 15-23 years who have not had sex. At the Institute Pasteur The therapeutic vaccine candidates against precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix caused by HPV16 and HPV18 have been developed with BT Pharma, a start-up of Institute Pasteur, by Claude Leclerc teams and that of Daniel Ladant . They should soon be the subject of clinical trials. Moreover, the Pasteur Institute houses the National Reference Centre for Human Papillomavirus. Created in the context of the recent arrival of the first vaccine against papillomavirus infection and cancer of the cervix, the NRC's mission is to monitor the distribution of HPV in women vaccinated and unvaccinated, and track the possible emergence of new genotypes or variants of viruses in vaccines. These studies should provide data needed to assess the immunization policy and the definition of genotypes to be included in the second generation vaccines against papillomavirus. The unit of Genetics, Papillomavirus and human cancer, headed by Michel Favre and relied upon by the NRC, is looking at the genetic predisposition to infection with HPV. Researchers have characterized two genes involved in the decrease of intracellular zinc, a trace element necessary for viral replication. Article Source: http://www.cancer-surgery.com/ About Author / Additional Info: I am not a cancer doctor. Always consult your doctor before taking any action or conclusion regarding your medical condition. Comments on this article: (0 comments so far)
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